1. In Alabama, the supervising driver must be a parent, guardian, grandparent or driving instructor. At age 16, permit holders may drive with a licensed driver who is at least 21 years old.

None listed for this jurisdiction.

1. In Arizona, a driver education instructor can authorize an enrolled student who is 15 to drive only while supervised by the authorizing instructor.

1. In Arkansas, 14 year-olds can drive with an instruction permit after passing a written test. After passing a road test they are eligible for a learner's license. Unsupervised driving is not permitted by holders of either the instruction permit or learner's license. The combined holding period for the permit and learner's license is six months.
2. In Arkansas, applicants for an intermediate license must be 16 and must be crash/violation-free for six months. Licensees younger than 18 are prohibited from transporting passengers who are unrestrained.

1. In California, students enrolled in driver education may drive while supervised by an instructor. License applicants who do not take driver education must wait until age 18 for a license. They are not required to go through an intermediate license stage.

1. In Colorado, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education within six months of applying for the permit. Applicants who are 18 through 20 years must complete a 4-hour prequalification driver awareness program.

1. In Connecticut, either driver education or home training is required for license applicants younger than 18. Permit holders may not carry any passengers aside from the person providing instruction, parents or guardians. Time spent practice driving with a professional instructor counts toward the 40-hour certification requirement. Before an applicant who under 18 may take the driver’s test, parents or guardians must attend two hours of instruction regarding teen driving laws and related issues with such applicant. Anyone 18 years of age or older must hold an adult learner’s permit for three months before obtaining a driver's license.

1. In Delaware, a driver education student does not need a permit to drive with a driver education instructor. After completing the on-road requirements of driver education, a driver education student who is at least 15 years, 10 months may apply for a Driver Education Learner's Permit, which allows the student to drive while supervised by an experienced driver. Upon completion of driver education, and if the student passes both the road and written tests, the student receives a Level 1 permit that for the first six months allows driving only while supervised. There also is a passenger restriction during the first six months of the Level 1 permit. No more than one passenger (family members excepted) is permitted in addition to the supervising driver. The Level 1 permit for the second six months is the equivalent of an intermediate license. During that period, holders may drive unsupervised between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. and may only carry one passenger. Applicants for a driver's license who are younger than 18 must have held a Driver Education Learner's Permit and/or a Level 1 permit for at least 12 months. Driver education is required for all license applicants younger than 18.

1. In the District of Columbia, license applicants younger than 21 must go through the intermediate stage until they have completed it or until they turn 21. The learner's stage is mandatory for the intermediate stage. A nighttime restriction (9 p.m.-6 a.m.) applies in the learner stage.
2. In the District of Columbia, drivers younger than 18 who have completed the intermediate stage must continue to comply with the nighttime driving restriction until they turn 18. In addition, these drivers may not carry more than 2 passengers younger than 21.

1. In Florida, learner's permit holders may not drive after sunset for the first three months and thereafter may not drive after 10 p.m. Permit applicants must have completed driver education. Applicants who are 18 years of age or older must complete an approved traffic and substance abuse education course.

1. In Georgia, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

1. In Hawaii, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

1. In Idaho, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education. Eligible students may receive the in-car observation and behind-the-wheel instruction components from a qualifying parent or guardian. There are three classes of learner's permits — a training instruction permit for people 14, 6 months taking driver education; a supervised instruction permit for practice driving with a nonprofessional supervisor; and an instruction permit for people younger than 17 who have completed driver education and supervised driving or for people 17 and older without either driver education or supervised driving.

1. In Illinois, enrollment in driver education is required for permit applicants.
2. In Illinois, license applicants 18 through 20 years of age who did not take driver's education in school must complete a 6 hour adult driver education course.

1. In Indiana, driver education determines the minimum age for permits and the intermediate license. People enrolled in or who have completed driver education must be age 15 to have a permit; otherwise, they must be age 16. The minimum age for an intermediate license is 16 months with driver education and 16, 9 months, without.
2. Holders of operator licenses issued to individuals younger than 21 must adhere to both the night and passenger restriction for six months or until age 21, whichever occurs first. In addition, holders of operator licenses issued to individuals younger than age 18 have a graduated night restriction that goes beyond the initial 6 months and lasts until age 18.

1. In Iowa, the department may issue a special minor’s restricted license to an applicant between the ages of 14 and 18 years if the applicant has completed driver education or demonstrates hardship and has held an instruction permit for at least 6 months. A special minor’s restricted license limits unsupervised driving to specified locations such as work or school within a 25-mile radius. Under this license, drivers may not transport more than one unrelated minor passenger or operate the vehicle except during the hour before and after the beginning and the end of school, work shift or extracurricular activities as applicable.
2. Iowa requires a certification of 10 additional hours of supervised driving during the intermediate stage, two of which must be at night.
3. In Iowa, driver education is required for an intermediate license and for an unrestricted license if the applicant is younger than 18.
4. In Iowa, parents are permitted to waive at the time of licensure a discretionary six-month passenger limit of no more than one unrelated passenger younger than 18, effective Jan. 1, 2014.

1. In Kansas, drivers age 15 but not yet 16 may be granted a restricted license if they have completed driver training. Restricted license holders younger than 16 may not drive unless supervised other than to and from school or work via the most direct route and may not carry minor passengers other than siblings. To get a restricted license, applicants must have driven at least 25 of the 50 hours required for a full license and must have held an instruction permit for 12 months.

1. Kentucky law prohibits learner's permit holders from driving between midnight and 6 a.m. or from carrying more than one passenger younger than 20 unless supervised by a driving instructor.

1. In Louisiana, all driver’s license applicants must complete a driver education course.

1. In Maine, driver education is required for a permit and a license if the applicant is younger than 18. The learner's permit holding period and the certification of practice driving applies to license applicants younger than 21. The period of license restrictions may extend beyond the person's 18th birthday.

1. In Maryland, driver education is required regardless of applicant age.
2. In Maryland, license applicants who are 19 years old (or 18 with a high school diploma) but younger than 25 must hold a learner's permit for three months before taking the road test. All applicants 25 and older must hold the permit for 45 days.
3. In Maryland, 60 supervised driving hours are required for all applicants younger than 25. Applicants age 25 and older are requrired to drive for fourteen supervised hours.
4. In Maryland, the night and passenger restrictions only apply to intermediate license holders younger than 18.

1. In Massachusetts, the night driving restriction for permit holders younger than 18 is midnight to 5 a.m., unless they are accompanied by a licensed parent or guardian.
2. In Massachusetts, the requirement for supervised driving is 30 hours for applicants who have successfully completed a driver skills development program in a closed, off-road course licensed by the Registrar of Motor Vehicles.
3. In Massachusetts, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18.

1. In Michigan, permit applicants younger than 18 must have completed the first segment of driver education.
2. In Michigan, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed the second segment of driver education. Neither driver education nor an intermediate license is required for license applicants 18 and older.

1. In Minnesota, permit applicants younger than 18 must be enrolled in driver education. An optional 90-minute supplemental curriculum for parents is to be established by July 1, 2014, to provide information concerning graduated licensing, safety risks and the potential influence of adults on driving behavior.
2. In Minnesota, the permit holding period also applies to license applicants 18 and older unless they have completed driver education.
3. In Minnesota, license applicants younger than 18 must provide proof that a parent has taken a course for parents of teen drivers or perform an additional 10 certified practice hours.
4. In Minnesota, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education. Provisional license holders must be crash-free to qualify for a full license.

1. In Mississippi, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

1. In Missouri, licensees within the 30 days immediately preceding their eighteenth birthday who have clean records may apply for and receive full driving privileges.

1. In Montana, enrollment in or completion of driver education is required for permit applicants younger than 15.
2. If a Montana license applicant completed an alternative online traffic education course approved by the department of justice and the hands-on driving component was taught by the parent or guardian, then the supervised driving requirement is 75 hours with 15 at night.
3. In Montana, license applicants younger than 16 must have completed driver education.

1. In Nebraska, students who are at least 14 years and two months of age and who either live outside or attend school outside a metropolitan area may be issued a learner’s permit (called an “LPE permit”) and a limited license (called a “school permit”). The LPE permit authorizes supervised driving for the purpose of preparing for the school permit, which allows driving to and from school independently or anyplace else while supervised by a parent or guardian.

1. In Nevada, driver education is required of all license applicants younger than 18 unless there is no driver education program offered within a 30-mile radius of the applicant's residence.

1. New Hampshire does not issue learner's permits. At age 15, 6 months a person can drive while supervised by a licensed driver 25 or older. License applicants who are younger than 18 must take driver education.

1. In New Jersey, the permit becomes an intermediate license after six months for drivers younger than 21 and after 3 months for drivers 21 and older. The graduated licensing law applies to adults, except that the night driving and passenger restrictions are waived for new drivers 21 and older. If the applicant has not completed driver education, the minimum permit age is 17 and the minimum intermediate license age is 17, 6 months. Learner's permit holders may not drive between 11 p.m. and 5 a.m. and may carry only one passenger in addition to the supervising driver or any parent, guardian or dependent.

1. In New Mexico, permit applicants younger than 18 must be enrolled in driver education.
2. In New Mexico, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

1. In the five boroughs of New York City, Class DJ or MJ junior license holders are prohibited from driving under all circumstances, regardless of where the license was obtained; therefore, there are no applicable passenger restrictions in the city. Unsupervised New York City driving may begin as early as age 17, provided that a Class D license has been obtained and a State Education Department approved Driver and Traffic Safety Education Course has been completed. In other words, a 17 year old driver may transition from completely supervised city driving to a full unrestricted license. On Long Island, Class DJ or MJ junior license holders are limited to driving between the hours on 5 a.m. and 9 p.m. only if traveling to work, school or driver education, proof is required.
2. In New York, the minimum age for an unrestricted driver's license is 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education). New York has a passenger restriction that applies to permit holders and license holders younger than 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education).

1. In North Carolina, driver education is required for permit applicants younger than 18.
2. In North Carolina, learner’s permit holders may not drive between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m. for the first six months.
3. In North Carolina, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.
4. In North Carolina, a person who is at least 16 but younger than 18 must complete a minimum of 12 additional hours (six of which must be at night) of supervised driving to obtain a full provisional license.
5. In North Carolina, when the license holder is driving the vehicle and is not accompanied by a supervising driver, there may be no more than one passenger under 21 years of age in the vehicle. This limit does not apply to passengers who are members of the license holder's immediate family or whose primary residence is the same household as the license holder. However, if a family member or member of the same household as the license holder who is younger than 21 years of age is a passenger in the vehicle, no other passengers under 21 years of age, who are not members of the license holder's immediate family or members of the license holder's household, may be in the vehicle, except that one other passenger under 21 years of age who is not a member of the license holder's immediate family or member of the license holder's household may be in the vehicle when that passenger is a student being driven directly to or from school.

1. In North Dakota, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 16.

1. In Ohio, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 21. Additionally, they are required to have an affidavit signed by an eligible adult attesting that they have acquired at least fifty hours of actual driving experience, with at least ten of those hours being at night.

1. In Oklahoma, learner's permit holders may only operate a motor vehicle between the hours of 5 a.m. and 10 p.m.
2. In Oklahoma, a person who has been issued an intermediate Class D license shall not operate a motor vehicle with more than one passenger unless all passengers live in the same household as the custodial legal parent or legal guardian or a licensed driver at least 21 years of age is actually occupying a seat beside the intermediate Class D licensee.

1. In Oregon, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18. However, it is waived for applicants who certify an additional 50 hours of supervised driving. The night and passenger restrictions do not apply to the holder of a provisional driver license who is 18 or older.

None listed for this jurisdiction.

1. In Rhode Island, driver education is required of permit applicants younger than 18.
2. In Rhode Island, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18. Parents or guardians of applicants who are younger than 18 are required to attend a course of instruction on the content of the driver education curriculum and the requirements of graduated licensing. Anyone 18 years of age or older must hold an adult learner’s permit for thirty days before obtaining a driver's license.

1. In South Carolina, applicants 18 and older must hold the learner permit for 30 days before attempting the driving test.

1. In South Dakota, learner's permit holders may not drive between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. unless under the supervision of a parent or guardian.

1. Learner’s permit holders in Tennessee may not drive from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.

1. In Texas, people who are 15 or older but under 18 must satisfactorily complete and pass the classroom phase of an approved driver education course to be issued a permit.
2. In Texas, the minimum license age is 18 for applicants who have not completed driver education.

1. In Utah, permit holders younger than 18 may only drive under the supervision of a driving instructor, parent, step-parent, foster parent, legal guardian or a responsible adult who has accepted liability for the permit holder's driving by signing the permit application. Permit applicants younger than 19 must be enrolled in driver education.
2. In Utah, supervised driving in the learner stage may include up to five hours in a driving simulator.
3. In Utah, license applicants who are younger than 19 must have completed driver education.

1. In Vermont, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

1. In Virginia, the night driving restriction and passenger restrictions apply to learner's permit holders.
2. In Virginia, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 22. Driver education programs for students younger than 18 includes a 90-minute segment for parents. Parental participation is required in Planning District 8 (Northern Virginia) and shall be encouraged but not required outside of Planning District 8. Applicants aged 18-21 must hold a learner’s permit for at least 90 days.

1. In Washington, permit applicants must be enrolled in driver education; otherwise, the minimum permit age is 15, 6 months.
2. In Washington, applicants younger than 18 are required to complete driver education. The state is phasing in a new requirement that will extend this age to applicants younger than 25.
3. In Washington, intermediate license holders with a crash or violation history are ineligible for an unrestricted license until age 18.

1. In West Virginia, learner’s permit holders younger than 18 may not drive between 10 p.m. and 5 a.m. and may not carry more than two passengers in addition to the supervising driver.

1. In Wisconsin, enrollment in driver education is required for permit applicants younger than 18. During the learner’s stage, permit holders may carry three passengers if supervised by a driving instructor in a dual-control vehicle. Permit holders 16 and older may carry one passenger 25 or older who has been licensed at least two years.
2. In Wisconsin, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

1. In Wyoming, all applicants for an unrestricted license who are younger than 17 must have completed driver education and must have held an intermediate license for at least six months.